I. Introduction In March 2017, two legal systems on opposite sides of the world did something no legal system had done before. They declared a river to be a legal person. New Zealand's Parliament passed the Te Awa Tupua (Whanganui River Claims Settlement) Act 2017, and days later the Uttarakhand High Court, in Mohd. Salim v. State of Uttarakhand, extended a similar status to the Ganga and Yamuna. This idea has also travelled to Colombia's Atrato River and to Bangladesh's rive

Introduction Since September 2022, Russian forces have used Iranian-designed Shahed-136 autonomous drones to carry out mass strikes against civilian infrastructure in Ukraine, killing civilians and destroying power stations, residential buildings, and energy substations. The drones autonomously navigate themselves to pre-programmed coordinates; they are not guided or approved by any human operator in real time once launched. Forensic analysis of recovered fuselages identified

I. Introduction In September 2024, the FBI and the CISA notified the world of a sophisticated cyber espionage campaign aimed at critical U.S. infrastructure – Salt Typhoon. Chinese state-sponsored actors had made their way into networks like telecommunications, government, transportation, wiretapping networks and military infrastructure. In December 2025, Venezuela’s state oil company reported a ransomware attack, disrupting oil cargo deliveries. In the same month, French Min

Controlling digital service taxation is one of the most topical challenges in the field of international economic law, by which governments are gradually trying to broaden their tax base in order to attract an extra tax intake from digital services. Taxes on cloud software and web-based services and platforms have been sources of trade friction on numerous occasions, with most of the countries fixing these taxes claiming to level the tax playing field for multinationals while

I. Introduction Private international law, historically established to resolve cross-border disputes through choice-of-law rules governing jurisdiction and applicable law, currently faces challenges in the era of climate change. Mostly, if not every, environmental damage is a matter of “slow violence” that unfolds diffusely and spreads across borders. Rox Nixon characterised slow violence as an event of gradual, delayed environmental destruction that is “scientifically convol

I. Introduction: When Domestic Penalties Become International Economic Regulation India’s shift from relevant turnover to global turnover is not merely a technical change in domestic competition penalties. Relevant turnover means the turnover attributable only to the goods or services connected with the infringement, the market-linked base the Supreme Court endorsed in Excel Crop Care. Global turnover, by contrast, means the turnover derived from all products and services of

I. Air, Inequality, and a Fragmented Climate Reality Air pollution is a transboundary paradigmatic crisis in the form of a public health crisis and a climate related crisis the causes and effects of which are both cross border elastic. This is a very intangible form of harm that requires the regulative tools that have the power to transform scientific knowledge into actionable items of public policy. One such instrument of governance is Air Quality Index (AQI) through which

Abstract The Sde Teiman camp in the Negev has garnered widespread attention due to the allegations of systematic human rights violations it has faced. Testimonies arising from the released Palestinian detainees expose a spectrum of abuses, including rape, gang-rape, sexual violence, psychological, medical torture and medical neglect leading to amputation. [1] The recent report of sexual violence in the Israeli detainee facilities exposes the collapse of normative safeguards

Summary The recent advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on Gaza underlined not only the continuing principles of international humanitarian law but also its challenges in modern conflicts. While it reinforced the protection of civilians and access to humanitarian aid, it exposed critical gaps in its enforcement and serious ambiguities in its doctrine, particularly in the context of prolonged and asymmetric wars. This opinion highlights how political realitie

I. When Bread Becomes a Bargaining Chip: The Weaponisation of Food in Global Politics In the world today, where all religions are...